Flooding is driving millions of people to move out of their homes, limiting growth in some prospering communities and accelerating the decline of others, according to a new study that details how climate change and flooding are transforming where Americans live.
In the first two decades of the 21st century, the threat of flooding convinced more than 7 million people to avoid risky areas or abandon places that were risky, according to a paper Monday in the journal Nature Communications and research by the risk analysis organization First Street Foundation.
Climate change is making bad hurricanes more intense and increasing the amount of rain that storms dump on the Midwest. And in the coming decades, researchers say millions more people will decide it is too much to live with and leave.
First Street found that climate change is creating winners and losers at the neighborhood and block level.
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Zoom out to consider the whole country and Americans appear to be ignoring the threat of climate change when they decide where to live. Florida, vulnerable to rising seas and strong storms, is growing fast, for example. But that misses an important way people behave locally. Most moves are short distance; people stay near family, friends and jobs.
Jeremy Porter, head of research at First Street, said “there's more to the story” than population gains in Sun Belt states.
“People want to live in Miami. If you live in Miami already, you’re not going to say, ’Oh, this property is a 9 (out of 10 for flood risk), let me move to Denver,'” Porter said. “They are going to say, 'This property is a 9, but I want to live in Miami, so I'm going to look for a 6 or a 7 or a 5 in Miami.' You are going to think about relative risk.”
That's what First Street projects over the next three decades: blocks in Miami with a high chance of getting hit by a bad storm are more likely to see their population drop even though a lot of the city is expected to absorb more people.
Behind these findings is very detailed data about flood risk, population trends and the reasons people move, allowing researchers to isolate the impact of flooding even though local economic conditions and other factors motivate families to pick up and live somewhere else. They analyzed population changes in very small areas, down to the census block.
Some blocks have grown fast and would have grown even faster if flooding wasn't a problem, according to First Street. Expanding but flood-prone places could have grown nearly 25% more — attracting about 4.1 million more people — if that risk were lower. Researchers also identified areas where flood risk is driving or worsening population decline, which they called “climate abandonment areas.” About 3.2 million people left these neighborhoods because of flood risk over a two-decade span.
When First Street projected out to 2053, many of the new climate abandonment areas were in Michigan, Indiana and other parts of the Midwest. Flood risk is just one factor driving this change and it doesn't mean communities are emptying out, said Philip Mulder, a professor focused on risk and insurance at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
“People can live in smarter places within those communities. That's just as true for Detroit as it is for Miami,” he said.
When people know a home is prone to flooding, they are less likely to buy it. Some states, however, don't require that flood history be disclosed, according to Joel Scata, a senior attorney on the Natural Resources Defense Council's climate adaptation team.
“Access to good information is really important in the real estate market,” Scata said.
Even for people who get assistance to move, the choice can be excruciating. Socastee, a community near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, flooded not only when hurricanes hit, but sometimes just when it rained hard and water would reach doorways and saturate yards. First Street's data says Horry County won't grow quite as fast over the next three decades because of flood risk.
One resident who endured repeated flooding said it “makes you sick” with worry whenever it storms and rips away your sense of security.
Terri Straka decided to move from the area but had a hard time convincing her parents to do the same. Eventually, she brought them to a house for sale and said it could be their dream home. They reluctantly agreed to move.
“Them being able to visualize what a future might look like is absolutely critical to people being able to move. They have to imagine a place and it needs to be a real place that they can afford," said Harriet Festing, executive director of Anthropocene Alliance that supports communities like Socastee hit by disaster and climate change.
Older people move less often and it takes money to move, so if people don't get enough assistance and don't have the means, they are more likely to stay in risky areas. When people do start to move, it can create momentum for others to depart, leaving behind fewer residents to support a shrinking local economy, according to Matt Hauer, a demographic expert and study author at Florida State University.
But there are also winners. Louisville, Kentucky, Detroit and Chicago as well as several other big cities have a lot of space with little flood risk, which will be attractive in the future, First Street found.
The University of Wisconsin's Mulder said of cities like Chicago: “They shouldn't discount their relative benefits that will come from being a safer place in a warming world."
Fassett reported from San Francisco.
